Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley Catherine of Aragon Primary Sources Student Activities References Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. Charles VIII of France welcomed him, and although Henry was quick to block French involvement through the Treaty of Etaples, the support of the French king sent a powerful signal. In order to persuade him to change his mind, Richard arranged for Lord Stanley's eldest son to be kidnapped. As Puebla explained to Henry: "Bearing in mind what happens every day to the kings of England, it is surprising that Ferdinand and Isabella should dare think of giving their daughter at all." Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? But the English do not like their kings to be too clever. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? A Study in Catholic Propaganda. They were quickly rounded up by the Sheriff of Kent and so Warbeck decided to return to Ireland. Her knowledge of English was still imperfect in 1505, which upset both Ferdinand of Aragon and Henry VII, who reduced her allowance. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. (19) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". Henry Tudor's forces now charged King Richard's army. When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household." Henry was miserly by nature, but he was also highly sensitive about the dubious validity of his claim to the throne, and therefore took much care to emphasise his majesty on as grand a scale as possible, thus setting a precedent for his Tudor successors. (42) Her naturally pink cheeks and white skin were features that were much admired during the Tudor period. Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. (36)Catherine of Aragon by Juan de Flandes (1496)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-2','ezslot_16',700,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-2-0');In August 1497, Catherine and Arthur were formally betrothed at the ancient palace of Woodstock. She told her father she had managed to buy only two dresses since she came to England from Spain six years earlier. Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. Read 3. His personal fortune of 1.5 million illustrated the success of his foreign policy and the commercial prosperity that England enjoyed under his rule. Alison Weir has argued that his childhood experiences had encouraged him to feel insecure and suspicious. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. (3). Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. Lambert Simnel is crowned in Dublin, from An Illustrated History of Ireland, 1868, by Sister Mary Frances Clare (Margaret Anne Cusack), The Nun of Kenmare, with illustrations by Henry Doyle . The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." In 1496 Warbeck and James IV crossed into England. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. A large number of the rebels were killed. [7], On 16 June 1487, the rebels clashed with the King's army, at the Battle of Stoke Field in Nottinghamshire, and were defeated. Richard had been informed that Lord Stanley had already promised to help Henry Tudor. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. Edward had two sons, Edward V and Richard, Duke of York, who were both imprisoned in the Tower by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester. This was a turning point in his fortunes. (13)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',340,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-340{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important;width:100%}Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. For the king it was all or nothing.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); The first initial problem Henry had was one he inherited from Richard III the Princes in the Tower. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were also concerned about the possible expansionism of France and responded favourably to Henry's suggestion of a possible alliance between the two countries. In 1483 Edward IV died prematurely, of gluttony and lechery, and his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. Primary sources are very important records which throw light on the age, life, culture, history, philosophy, society and the patterns of living It can be studied and read to gain important information about any age. He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. The Duchess sent a force of about 2.000 men, under the command of Martin Swart, a soldier of great experience, who landed at Dublin in May 1487, accompanied by the Earl of Lincoln, Lord Lovel, and other Yorkist refugees from Flanders. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. At this moment his horse died under him. (2) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". As he was 46 years-old and in poor health, this idea was rejected and on 23rd June 1503, he signed a new treaty betrothing Catherine to Henry, his only surviving son, then aged twelve. (9)Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. This included being sent to Vienna to meet Emperor Maximilian. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. The priest was immured for life, in fetters, in a dark dungeon. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." Richard, because he expected victory, received Henry with great courage Henry's army were now almost out of hope of victory, when William Stanley with three thousand men came to the rescue Richard's army fled, and King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. Living the Lie: Who Was the Mysterious Man from Formosa? Though few contemporaries expected his regime to last, the history of England had taken a decisive turn. However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. (61), King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. (Answer Commentary), Anne Boleyn - Religious Reformer (Answer Commentary), Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness.Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. Where Lambert Simnel had come from is less certain. However, Elizabeth's biographer, Rosemary Horrox, disagrees with this assessment. When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. When the situation began to deteriorate, Richard called up his reserve forces led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". He also brought with him over 1,800 mercenaries recruited from French prisons. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. By the time Henry Tudor reached England the size of his army had grown to 5,000 men. Accept Read More, Princes in the Tower: A Mystery of Missing Royalty. Yet Henry was generous to Lambert Simnel and, at first, to Perkin Warbeck, although ruthless and relentless enough in his treatment of Suffolk (the son of Edward IV's sister) who was kept in prison for years after being hunted all over Europe, and of Warwick (son of the Yorkist Duke of Clarence) who was executed after fourteen years in the Tower. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. Interesting history topics are just a click away. Henry Tudor, the second son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Margaret Beaufort, was born in Pembroke Castle on 28th January 1457. He was taught the necessary etiquette and was well educated by Simon. Of the revolts faced by Henry VII, the most serious were those with dynastic intentions. Simnel became the figurehead of a Yorkist rebellion organised by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. She never recovered and died nine days later on 11th February, her thirty-seventh birthday, of puerperal fever. It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. For example, Henry VII's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was only thirteen when she had him and never had any other children in the course of four marriages. Lambert Simnel presented Henry VII with the first major challenge of his reign. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. According to his diehard Yorkist promoters, however, the boy was actually Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV's brother the Duke of Clarence and thus the rightful heir to the throne of England, usurped by Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. (28)Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. (62)Henry VII died on 21st April 1509. In 1491 Warbeck travelled to Ireland and John Atwater, the ex-Mayor of Cork, supported him. Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. Henry had an unusual approach to what was potentially a serious problem. Henry VII had been kept informed about the invasion and his army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. (6) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. The battle lasted for three hours. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. The nobles who supported the pretender were executed after show trials in 1495. An American widows account of her travels in Ireland in 184445 on the eve of the Great Famine: Sailing from New York, she set out to determine the condition of the Irish poor and discover why so many were emigrating to her home country. Whether she truly believed him as her nephew or considered him an imposter is unclear, but she publicly supported his cause. They arrived in Ireland on 5 May. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." Lambert Simnel was ten years of age and a nonentity when he was crowned Edward VI of England at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, Ireland on May 24 th, 1487. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. (46)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_19',702,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Antonia Fraser, the author of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992) has argued that she believes the marriage was unconsummated. Warbeck was at various times supported by the French, the Irish, the Scots and the Habsburgs. King Richard, after receiving many mortal wounds/ died a fearless and most courageous death, fighting on the battlefield, not in flight. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. There was no identification card or DNA test to confirm you are who you say you are. The king gravely asked him whether any future events could be foretold by the stars; "Yes, Sir." The rebellion was crushed in 1487. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. He tutored the boy in courtly manners and contemporaries described the boy as handsome. But they do not make a king seem a dashing or a glamorous figure. Those nobles who had supported Lincoln were not as generously treated. Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. (53) Jasper Ridley has pointed out that Empson and Dudley were the chief instruments of the king's financial policy: "They seem to have been almost universally hated throughout England. We now know the two pretenders were named Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel, but at the time there was some uncertainty as to who had the better claim. Employed in the royal kitchens, the pretender made a modest career for himself, dying soon after 1534. The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. AS/A2. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on 16th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Lambert Simnel was presented as the Earl of Warwick, Richard III's nephew. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. (62). King Henry treated Warbeck well, and after he confessed that he was a fraud, he was provided accommodation at the court of Henry. Abandoned Lifeboat on Bouvet Island: Mystery Solved! Henry now went to live with his uncle, Jasper Tudor, the restored Earl of Pembroke. On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". For all this, he ruled wisely and well, overcome plots to depose him, and put an end to the dynastic warfare that had blighted England during the second half of the fifteenth century. "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. (50) Henry took her death very badly and "departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him." With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. (43), The couple spent the first month of their marriage at Tickenhill Manor. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? While in Wales, Henry also persuaded many skillful longbowmen to join him in his fight against Richard. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. For there were undoubtedly other individuals with a superior dynastic claim - not only the girl he married, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, but other representatives of the house of York. Catherine was also encouraged to learn French as very few people in the English court spoke Spanish or Latin. De Puebla's despatches, naturally, are steeped in diplomatic discretion and do not tell us all they might. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. England 1485 1558: the Early Tudors (A/S). The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. (49) Elizabeth of York told Henry that she was still young enough to have more children. (8), When Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. The first challenge to Henrys crown came barely a year after he defeated Richard III. History It is not known when Lambert Simnel died. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. During his reign Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley became the king's most trusted ministers. When they saw Henry's large army, said to now number 25,000, some of them deserted. In i486, the year following the accession of Henry VII., rumours were disseminated by the adherents of the Yorkist dynasty that the two . They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. Catherine was kept apart from Prince Henry, complaining in 1507 that she had not seen him for four months, although they were both living in the same palace. On 16th June the rebel army reached Blackheath. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. 1477-1534). American Protest Literature by Zoe Trodd. Simon spread a rumour that Warwick had actually escaped from the Tower and was under his guardianship. Henry VII was tall and lean, his seeming fragility concealing a sinewy strength. "Nation Confronts the Great Depression." In Social Fabric, edited by Thomas L. Hartshorne, 10th ed., II: American Life from the Civil War to the Present:189-99. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. (12)King Henry VIIHenry VII was crowned on the battlefield with Richard's crown. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishops prison. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." He marched across the Pennines and then south. Simnel was routed at the battle of Stoke: his promoters were slain or imprisoned, and the young imposter was taken into the royal household as a servant. The link was not copied. Classroom lessons activities with primary sources and student questions and answers. (Answer Commentary). Subscribe to our Spartacus Newsletter and keep up to date with the latest articles. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the battle and Lambert Simnel was captured.According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. The citizens of Waterford boldly opposed his pretensions; and in the name of Henry VII. (52)Henry VII, by unknown artist (1505)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_21',704,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); Henry VII was careful in the selection of his key officials. Viceroys of Ireland, History: John T. Gilbert. This again failed and, forced to flee with only 120 men remaining, Warbeck made one last, desperate landing in Cornwall in England. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. (14571509) king of England and lord of Ireland, Earl of Warwick, Richard Neville John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, formerly the designated successor of his uncle the late King Richard III, joined the conspiracy against Henry VII. Henry was well-prepared, having positioned himself strategically to raise support, and advanced purposefully northwards from Leicester. 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