Kaushik A, Kest H. Pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Osteoarticular infections. N2 - The Panton-Valentin leukocidin (PVL) strain of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is producing a new pattern of MRSA-related disease in the UK and world-wide. PVL is one of . However, the precise role of single virulence determinants in relation to infection is hard to establish. Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) is a toxin produced by certain types of Staphylococcus aureus. Effect of antibiotics, alone and in combination, on Panton-valentine leukocidin production by a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain. There was an unexpected error. -, Waldenburger S., Vogel U., Goebeler M., Kolb-Murer A. Community-acquired skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus: What is the role of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin? Four days later, the patients clinical conditions worsened, presenting high fever, clinical signs suggestive of sepsis and a swelling of his left shoulder. and transmitted securely. Epub 2010 Oct 14. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. These toxins form pores in the membrane of host defense cells by synergistic action of 2 secretory proteins, designated LukS-PV and LukF-PV, which are encoded by 2 cotranscribed genes of a prophage integrated in the S. aureus chromosome (5). Background Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is one of the major virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) that might be associated with invasive life-threating infections. Kliniske forsgsregister. National Library of Medicine This rare entity is mainly described in young immunocompetent patients with an influenza-like prodrome and has a high case-fatality rate (1,2). Panton-Valentine leukocidin; Staphylococcus aureus; toxin; virulence factor. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Mohamadou M, Essama SR, Ngonde Essome MC, Akwah L, Nadeem N, Gonsu Kamga H, Sattar S, Javed S. PLoS One. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. All the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Castellazzi, M.L., Bosis, S., Borzani, I. et al. Online ahead of print. Panton-valentine leukocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus infection in childhood: a case report. In order to eradicate the bacterial colonization, the patient and his close family members received daily bathing with chlorhexidine 2% and intranasal application of mupirocin, because of the positivity of the fathers nasal swab for PVL- MRSA. Immunological investigations including immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses, lymphocyte subpopulations and tests for complement function (CH50, AP50) resulted normal. Ann Biol Clin (Paris). Correspondence to 2011;52(3):28592. Spontaneous tibiotalar arthrodesis as a complication of acute tibial osteomyelitis due to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus: a case report. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, responsible for neutrophil damage and key player of severe staphylococcal diseases. Of note, also Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were detected in the BAL culture. Two days later, we performed upper left lobectomy, and antimicrobial drug therapy was incremented with meropenem, gentamicin, and linezolid. Chest computed tomography of a patient in France with Panton-Valentine leukocidinsecreting Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia complicating coronavirus disease, showing worsening of bilateral parenchymal damage with complete consolidation of the left lung, cavitary Four days after intubation, the condition of the patient had not improved. There was a gradual normalization of the CRP values and an improvement of symptoms and general conditions. On admission, he was in good general conditions, with normal vital signs, moist mucous membranes, tongue and lips dry, tears when crying, mild tachypnoea (respiratory rate 40/min) and wheezes all over the chest. In a previous study, the population structure of S. aureus, isolated from the nares of healthy persons in the Rotterdam area, the Netherlands, was elucidated (8). Panton-Valentine leukocidin: A pore-forming toxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus that has recently been associated with necrotising pneumonia. Epub 2020 Oct 7. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password The Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by strains epidemiologically associated with the current outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and with the often-lethal necrotizing pneumonia. In our case, the origin of the infection is not clear, as previous hospitalizations maybe a risk factor. Aims: To investigate the international dissemination and diversity of PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVc isolates from hospital and . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The sequence-type ST22 was identified in four tested MRSA isolates with different spa-types. and is the cause of necrotic lesions involving the skin or mucosa, including necrotic hemorrhagic pneumonia. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. 2021 Jul 17;47(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s13052-021-01105-5. government site. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.527-544.2002. In a transssectional survey, nasal carriage of this strain was found in 2.9% of 273 soldiers about to be sent to Cte d'Ivoire and was associated . Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Eurasian Beavers (Castor fiber) carry a novel phage-borne bicomponent leukocidin related to the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. In addition, a variety of bacterial pore-forming toxinssuch as Panton-valentine leukocidin from Staphylococcus aureus and -toxin from Clostridium perfringensinduce necrosis in muscles and intestinal epithelium (42-44). a-axial and b-coronal STIR MR images performed about 1 month later showed complete resolution of muscular involvement and improvement of lungs and bone flogistic involvement. Although PVL was found among several staphylococcal genotypes, it was slightly overrepresented in AFLP cluster IVb (CC 121) compared with major clusters I and III. Among MRSA, ST361 (clonal . [10] Her primary research interest is medical diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Your article has been reviewed by three peer reviewers, one of whom is a member of our Board of Reviewing Editors, and the evaluation has been overseen by Wendy Garrett . Severe infections of Panton-valentine leukocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus in children. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Available from: - infections-diagnosis-and-management-for-primary-care--2 Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton R, Dryden M et al., . . SB and PM critically revised the manuscript and supervised patient management. The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. What are the aims of this leaflet? If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The bacterium can cause cellulitis, abscesses, boils and carbuncles. 18 strains were sent from Brighton. 2nd ed. FOIA This information leaflet has been written to help you understand more about Panton Valentine Leukocidin Staphylococcus Aureus (PVL-SA) skin infection. For this purpose, the susceptibility of 75 S. aureus isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents was investigated. Agents. In this study, we used neutrophils isolated from different species to evaluate the cytotoxic . Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a necrotizing exotox-in produced by both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. 2020;26(8):1939-1941. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201413. PVL can be produced by both. Miller RP, Berlouis ME, Hall AG, Simpson AHRW, Smith IDM, Hall AC. Karli A, Belet N, Yank K, Kken , Kl M, Ceyhan Bilgici M, et al. Unfortunately, antibiotic treatment alone is often insufficient, as antibiotic distribution is reduced in necrotic tissue. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-SA) is associated with relapsing multifocal skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), necrotizing pneumonia (NP) and severe musculoskeletal infections. Fitzgerald F, Howard J, Bailey F, Soleimanian S. Back pain in a previously healthy teenager. Use of PMC is free, but must comply with the terms of the Copyright Notice on the PMC site. Shirtliff ME, Mader JT. The symptoms include recurrent and painful boils/red areas on the skin, often in . J Med Microbiol. The patient received inhaled bronchodilator and oral steroid therapy with improving of the respiratory symptoms. Dermatol. PY - 2008. FOIA demonstrated that the proportion of PVL-SA is higher in infections caused by MRSA (74100%) than those caused by MSSA (946%). 2013;102(6):e2847. Karmakar A, Jana D, Dutta K, Dua P, Ghosh C. Prevalence of Panton-valentine Leukocidin gene among community acquired Staphylococcus aureus: a real-time PCR study. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 2014 Feb 18:1973947814Y0000000171 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265118. Despite the presumed importance of PVL as a virulence factor, few data are available on its prevalence among S. aureus isolates from the nares of healthy persons compared with stains isolated from infections. Would you like email updates of new search results? Figure. The WB-MRI performed 1 month later showed a resolution of the colliquative area in the muscular tissue, an improvement of the bone structure and oedema of the left humerus and the right femur, a reduction of the focal lung lesions with persistence of pleural thickening (Fig. Thank you for submitting your article "Panton-Valentine leukocidin is the key determinant of Staphylococcus aureus pyomyositis in a bacterial GWAS" for consideration by eLife. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Bookshelf The .gov means its official. Panton-Valentine-Leukocidin: nekrotisierende Pneumonien mit hoher Letalitt. We report a PVL-secreting S. aureus superinfection in a patient who had COVID-19. The site is secure. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. PVL is a peculiar homologue of Hlg, which was originally reported in 1932 by Panton and Valentine. Although the optimal eradication strategy for PVL-SA is not known, it is likely to be used the same for MRSA. Four different spa-types were identified among our MRSA isolates (t032, t432, t747, and t4726), with t032 as the most frequently detected. 2018 Jan;23(1):34-44. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13000. However, a higher prevalence of PVL (38.9%) was found in S. aureus strains causing abscesses and arthritis (Fisher exact test, p <0.0001) (8). Article Whether the prevalence of PVL in carriage- and blood-culture isolates is higher and differs among distinct genetic clusters of S. aureus in countries with endemic CA-MRSA has to be investigated further. Google Scholar. Karli A, Yanik K, Paksu MS, Sensoy G, Aykanat A, Yener N, et al. The University of Queensland's institutional repository, UQ eSpace, aims to create global visibility and accessibility of UQ's scholarly research. Recent travel abroad, case clustering and relapsing disease are often reported. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2017-222138. Because of deterioration of respiratory, renal, and liver functions, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and anticoagulation were initiated 10 days after ICU admission. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Before The microorganism isolated was always a MSSA, due to the low rate of MRSA in the paediatric population of the geographic area where the study was conducted [13]. Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in children: a reappraisal of Vancomycin. Draining procedures were required in 43% of patients and intensive care support in 19%. Therefore, we replaced the antibiotic therapy with a combination of intravenous ceftaroline 24mg/kg/day, daptomycin 12mg/kg/day and clindamycin 30mg/kg/day. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. 1-4 Linezolid has excellent epithelial lining fluid (ELF) penetration rates but drug concentrations in critically ill patients are highly variable. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Infections with these strains can cause recurrent skin and soft tissue infections, and occasionally may cause more serious invasive infections (including necrotising pneumonia). @article{Aloba2022AnEP, title={An emerging Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive CC5-meticillin-resistant . The .gov means its official. 2013;12:5966. The frequent recovery of staphylococcal isolates that produce leukocidal toxins from patients with deep skin and soft tissue infections, particularly furunculosis, cutaneous abscesses, and severe necrotizing pneumonia, suggests that the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is 1 such virulence factor that has a major role in pathogenicity (1-3). Gillet Y, Dumitrescu O, Tristan A, Dauwalder O, Javouhey E, Floret D, et al. Furthermore, PVL-SA infection should be suspected in previously healthy young patients with a history of necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections, recurrent abscesses or household cluster infections. Available online: Saeed K., Gould I., Esposito S., Ahmad-Saeed N., Ahmed S.S., Alp E., Bal A.M., Bassetti M., Bonnet E., Chan M., et al. He was diagnosed as having multiple muscular abscesses, multiple foci of osteomyelitis and bloodstream infections caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of genes encoding the staphylococcal leukocidins and their correlation with antimicrobial susceptibility and the source of isolation. ( : Neurotoxins ) . -. Clin Microbiol Infect. However, the patient died 17 days after his admission to the hospital. Int. Emerg Infect Dis. This PVL-SA ST121 strain has been described in literature as mainly disseminated in Africa, Asia and Europe [11]. Duployez C, Le Guern R, Tinez C, et al. 2015;21:567.e1567.e10. Introduction. A 6 month-old male was admitted to our emergency department for fever since 7days, erythematous non pruritic skin rash on the trunk, vomiting, diarrhoea and cough. Nurjadi D, Friedrich-Jnicke B, Schfer J, Van Genderen PJ, Goorhuis A, Perignon A, Neumayr A, Mueller A, Kantele A, Schunk M, Gascon J, Stich A, Hatz C, Caumes E, Grobusch MP, Fleck R, Mockenhaupt FP, Zanger P. Clin Microbiol Infect. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. High prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive, multidrug resistant, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains circulating among clinical setups in Adamawa and Far North regions of Cameroon. 2018;51(1):1625. Part of Initial empirical coverage generally includes an anti-staphylococcal regimen (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or flucloxacillin when MSSA is suspected and vancomycin when MRSA is suspected) and, an anti-toxic agent able to block the production of the toxin (clindamycin, rifampicin, linezolid, or gentamicin) [26, 27]. Antimicrobial peptides produced by neutrophils (HNP1-3) neutralize several other bacterial cytotoxins. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Background Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is one of the major virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) that might be associated with invasive life-threating infections. Invasive strains (blood culture, skin and soft tissue infections, and impetigo isolates) were included in this study (Table). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-021-01105-5, https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020040, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.004, https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31824f18cb, https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.527-544.2002, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016015, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2012.03.014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2019.02.019, https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2015.76.1.18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.02.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.002, https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-20.6.476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-019-0695-4, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01947.x, https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001629, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.02.012. Methicillin-resistance prevalence was 24%. CAS Accessibility 2016;22(7):643.e16. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Careers. 2018;6(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020040. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Acta Radiol Open. Saving Lives, Protecting People, *University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing, Panton-Valentine leucocidin and gamma-hemolysin from, Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant, Natural population dynamics and expansion of pathogenic clones of, Prevalence of genes encoding for members of the staphylococcal leukotoxin family among clinical isolates of, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Melles DC, van Leeuwen WB, Boelens H, Peeters JK, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A. Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes in Staphylococcus aureus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2019.02.019. 2021 Jul;12(3):362-376. doi: 10.1177/1947603519828433. Expansion and increased incidence of such infections, however, are more recent, and further epidemiologic studies for tracking this phenomenon are still warranted. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Most PVL-SA identified in the UK are. [5][6], Exotoxins such as PVL constitute essential components of the virulence mechanisms of S. aureus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.002. Comparing cases of staphylococcal necrotizing pneumonia, 85% of community-acquired (CAP) cases were PVL-positive, while none of the hospital-acquired cases were. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. All isolates had community-associated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns; all MRSA isolates had the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IVa. Google Scholar. Acta Paediatr. The Prevalence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) gene among Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Both Medical staff and Community People in Minia Governorate, Egypt January 2023 DOI: 10. . Guidance for diagnosing and managing Panton_Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)- associated Staphylococcus aureus infection in primary care settings. Expression level of pv1 gene was also analysed. For information on the surveillance of healthcare associated infections and antimicrobial resistance, or any of the research and advisory activities, contact the Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Department by email at hcai.amrdepartment@phe.gov.uk. The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus depends on various bacterial surface components and extracellular proteins. Infect. The stool culture, the research of viruses on faeces and isolation of respiratory viruses on nasopharyngeal aspirate were performed and resulted negative. The abdominal ultrasound showed hepatosplenomegaly. We prescribed a broad spectrum intravenous antibiotic treatment with cefotaxime 100mg/kg/day. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing Staphylococcus aureus results in leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis (Pediatric Dermatology 2007;24:401). 2003;290(22):297684. PVL-SA strains can be identified by detection of genes encoding PVL or the toxin itself [9]. To investigate the role of PVL in pulmonary disease, we tested the pathogenicity of clinical isolates . https://doi.org/10.2350/15-06-1652-CR.1. CDC twenty four seven. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(5), 724-734. doi:10.1086/604728 All named individuals and organisations maintain copyright for the relevant images. Surely, the decolonisation therapy, extended to all the family members, brought to the complete eradication of the bacterial colonisation. Kliniske forsg for toksinet Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL). Santosaningsih D, Santoso S, Setijowati N, Rasyid HA, Budayanti NS, Suata K, Widhyatmoko DB, Purwono PB, Kuntaman K, Damayanti D, Prakoeswa CRS, Laurens M, van Nierop JWI, Nanninga GL, Oudenes N, de Regt M, Snijders SV, Verbrugh HA, Severin JA. what is an impetigo? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Saeed K, Gould I, Esposito S, Ahmad-Saeed N, Ahmed SS, Alp E, et al. 2016;5(10):2058460116677180. https://doi.org/10.1177/2058460116677180. Br J Hosp Med. Sharma R, Hammerschlag MR. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2012007655. . Saving Lives, Protecting People, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille, France (C. Duployez, R. Le Guern, C. Tinez, A.-L. Lejeune, L. Robriquet, S. Six, C. Loez, F. Wallet), University of Lille (C. Duployez, R. Le Guern, A.-L. Lejeune), Community-acquired necrotizing pneumonia due to methicillin-sensitive. We associated clindamycin, as inhibitor of PVL production. 2022 Jul 8;17(7):e0265118. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr2017222138. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5343. Irenji N, Pillai SKG, West-Jones JS. Thus, in previously healthy young adults admitted to an ICU for COVID-19 and S. aureus superinfection, a PVL-producing strain should be assumed and treatment provided accordingly. The toxin Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) is a virulence factor produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, SA) that destroys leucocytes. PVL is a pore-forming toxin that causes damage to the membrane of leukocytes, leading to the destruction of white blood cells and tissue necrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;15(4):52744. This literature review focuses on the salient features of diagnosis and management, with particular attention to the choice of antimicrobials. 37- Vandendriessche S, Hallin M, Catry B, Jans B, Deplano A, Nonhoff C, Roisin S, De Mendona R, Struelens MJ, Denis O. Guidance on the Diagnosis and Management of PVL-Associated Staphylococcus Aureus Infections (PVL-SA) in England. [13] Google Scholar. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. This case report was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2021 438/03). Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Claire Duployez, Laboratoire de Bactriologie, Institut de Microbiologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, F-59037 Lille CEDEX, France. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. In a recent multicentre prospective European study the prevalence of PVL-SA amounted to 18,6 and 7,8% of the isolates were MRSA [8]. and transmitted securely. This finding is in agreement with previously reported low PVL prevalences by Prevost et al. Among these reports, only Montagnani et al. Noah MA, Dawrant M, Faulkner GM, Hill AM, Harvey C, Hussain A, Jenkins DR, Nichani S, Peek GJ, Sosnowski AW, Firmin RK. In our case, it was an off label use of this antimicrobial agent, introduced due to the severity of the infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. 8600 Rockville Pike PMC Epidemiology is underknown and underdiagnosis is likely. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2018.14669. Epub 2019 Feb 14. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Syrogiannopoulos GA, Michoula AN, Petinaki E, Grivea IN. Case Rep Orthop. Clin Infect Dis. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr2012007398. Hospital associated methicillin-resist Staphylococcus aureus has long been associated to outbreaks in the hospital environment. It includes nasal mupirocin 2% ointment and chlorhexidine 4% body wash [27, 32]. Article The subunits fit together and form a ring with a central pore through which cell contents leak and which acts as a superantigen. community-acquired necrotizing pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus producing panton-valentine leukocidin in a chinese teenager case report and literature revie.. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Therefore, PVL-SA associated infections may be more aggressive and life-threatening. On day three, he performed a bronchoscopy with a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Whole-body MRI in the pediatric patient. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01947.x. Hardy C, Osei L, Basset T, Elenga N. Bone and joint infections with Staphylococcus aureus strains producing Panton-valentine Leukocidin in French Guiana. A literature review starting . Esteves I, Castro SV, Abecasis F, Camilo C, Vieira M, da Gama D, et al. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
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